8xav��������

• Course title: Rationalism
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-19
• Module(s): Module 1 : Early modern European philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

Students read with comprehension and interpret central texts by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz on the nature of intuition and intuitive knowledge. They analyze and reconstruct these texts, identify and evaluate its problems and develop solutions to these problems. Moreover, students make systematic connections between early modern conceptions of intuition and recent developments in contemporary philosophy.

“Intuition” is a key philosophical concept (not only) in early modern philosophy. In this course we interpret, analyze and discuss central texts on intuition by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz (Locke). We discuss what their conceptions of intuition look like, what function they attribute to intuition and what the differences in their understanding of intuition are. We also relate early modern conceptions of intuition to relevant debates in in contemporary philosophy.
Bibliografie���� ��
Descartes, R., Meditations on First Philosophy
– Rules for the Direction of the Natural Intelligence.
– Discourse on Method.
Spinoza, B. de, Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order.
Leibniz, G.W.F., New Essays Concerning Human Understanding.
– Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas.
Bonjour, L. (1998): In Defense of Pure Reason. A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification, Cambridge 1998.
Bonjour, L. (2002): Epistemology. Classical Problems and Contemporary Responses, Oxford 2002.
Gutting, G. (1998): Rethinking Intuition: A Historical and Metaphilosophical Introduction, in: DePaul, M./Ramsey, W. (Hrsg.): Rethinking Intuition, Lanham 1998, pp. 3-13.
Hintikka, J. (1999): The Emperor’s New Intuitions, in: The Journal of Philosophy 96 (1999), pp. 127-147.
Kornblith, H. (1998): The Role of Intuition in Philosophical Inquiry: An Account with No Unnatural Ingredients, in: DePaul, M./Ramsey, W. (Hrsg.): Rethinking Intuition, Lanham 1998, pp. 129-141.
Van De Pitte, F. (1988) : Intuition and judgement in Descartes’s theory of truth, in : Journal of the History of Philosophy 26 (1988), S. 453-470.

��
Paper (3000 words) or 30 min. oral exam������

• Course title: Empiricism: Can We Build Morality from Sentiments?
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-31
• Module(s): Module 1 : Early modern European philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

��An empiricist moral philosophy says that we experience actions or attitudes as good or evil, right or wrong,
virtuous or vicious. Some prominent empiricists go further: we have a “moral sense” that delivers “moral
sentiments”, and when we classify, say, an action as virtuous, we talk, in essence, about sentiments (of a
certain kind) with regard to that action and project them onto the action. After this course, you should have
a good basic knowledge of such approaches to ethics: structures, varieties, challenges, pros and cons. ��

We will make parts of the journey on our own, thinking without texts, but central passages of various texts,
old and new, will also be processed. The most important text will be 23 paragraphs from David Hume’s
Treatise: from sec. 3.1.1, § 26; from sec. 3.1.2, §§ 1–4, 6, 11; from sec. 3.3.1, §§ 6–11, 14–23. Please read
those paragraphs with care and make thorough notes about them for your own use, in the style that is
explained here: www.fehige.info/pdf/Notes.pdf.
Typically, the task from one session to the next will be to read and condense a portion of text and prepare
answers to questions; the sessions themselves will typically be centred around your summaries and answers.
You need to prepare answers to questions from each session to the next and to present, in every session,
your answers in class. That’s how this course works.

There will be a written exam, in English, in the afternoon of 15 Dec, on the campus Belval (not online).��

BIBLIOGRAPHY

You are not required to track down books or articles for this course because you will be provided with pdf
files of the excerpts that we will plough through. However, as always, reading more is instructive.
Simon Blackburn, Ruling Passions, Oxford 1998.
C. D. Broad, “Some Reflections on Moral-Sense Theories in Ethics”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,
New Series, 45 (1944–45).
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739/40), ed. by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton, Oxford
2000 (in the series Oxford Philosophical Texts: The Complete Editions for Students); not to be confused
with (vol. 1 or both volumes of) the same two people’s (!) edition of the same work (!), the
Treatise, for the same publisher (!) for another series, the Clarendon Hume Edition Series.
––––, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), ed. by Tom L. Beauchamp, Oxford 1998 (in the
series Oxford Philosophical Texts: The Complete Editions for Students).
Roderick Firth, “Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 12
(1952).
Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (first ed. in 1725), third ed.,
London 1729.
––––, An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections: With Illustrations on the Moral
Sense, London 1728.
J. L. Mackie, Hume’s Moral Theory, Routledge, London 1980.
Elijah Millgram, “Moral Values and Secondary Qualities”, American Philosophical Quarterly 36 (1999).
Thomas Pölzler, Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences, New York 2018, ch. 5.
Jesse Prinz, “The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgments”, Philosophical Explorations 9 (2006).

��

• Course title: Kant
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-20
• Module(s): Module 2 : Kant and German Idealism
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

Students read with comprehension, and interpret the transcendental deduction of the categories in Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason”. They analyze and reconstruct the deduction’s argument, identify and evaluate its problems and develop solutions to these problems. Moreover, students learn how to refer the central questions of the deduction to the post-Kantian and contemporary developments of philosophy.

In this course we interpret, analyze and discuss Kant’s theory of space and time. We mainly look at how Kant, in the transcendental aesthetic of the Critique of Pure Reason, argues for space and time as forms of intuition but also pay attention to the theory of space and time in Kant’s philosophy of nature. The course concentrates on three questions: What is the aim of the transcendental aesthetic? Are the arguments from space and time convincing proofs their apriority, necessity and objectivity? What are the main problems of Kant’s critical theory of space and time?
Bibliography:
Kant, I, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. and ed. P. Guyer & A. Wood. Cambridge 1998:
Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
— Theoretical Philosophy after 1781. Trans. and ed. H. Allison & P. Heath.
Cambridge 2002: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
Allison, Henry E., Kant’s Transcendental idealism, An Interpretation and Defense, New Haven, London 22004.
Buroker, Jill Vance, Space and Incongruence. The Origin of Kant’s Idealism, Dordrecht 1981.
Falkenstein, Lorne, Kant’s Intuitionism. A Commentary on the Transcendental Aesthetic, Toronto 1995.
Guyer, Paul, Kant and the Claims of Knowledge, Cambridge 1987.
Warren, Daniel, “Kant and the Apriority of Space”, in Philosophical Review 107 (1998), pp. 179–224

��Paper (3000 words) or oral exam

• Course title: German Idealism I
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-21
• Module(s): Module 2 : Kant and German Idealism
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

��The Students will be made familiar with the key concepts of Hegels Practical Philosophy and situate in a systematic perspectve Hegel’s�� Social and Political Philosopy between two�� political conceptions : the contemporary formulations of Political Liberalism and�� Communitarianism. The seminar will highlight�� Hegel’s critique of political Liberalism on the one side and the elements Hegel’s practical philosopohy has in common with communitarianism, on the other side. The main goal ist to underline Hegel’s presence in contemporary social and political philosophies.

��The course will begin with a general introduction to Hegel’s phiolosophy as one of the most important moment in German idealism and focus on Hegel‘s social and political philosophy.�� Emphasis will be put on Hegel’s originality as a philosopher who tries to unite two different traditions�� in social and political philosopohy : modern social and political theories and�� non modern and romantic conception of political life. In this sense his practical philosoohy is one of the best ways to introduce and illustrate the�� main controversies in contemporary social and political philosophical theories.

Bibliography
A short bibliography will be distributed at the beginning of the seminar. The seminar will be mainly based on Hegel’s Philosophy of Law

��

• Course title: Contemporary European Philosophy I
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-36
• Module(s): Module 3 : 20th century and contemporary European philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

The students work on an advanced topic in contemporary philosophy. They acquire the relevant concepts and conceptual distinctions, come to know the most important approaches, and try to critically assess the views put forward by prominent authors. A systematic understanding of epistemological phenomena is the central goal.

The simple starting point for our studies is the question: What is knowledge? More recently, within the post-Gettier discussion, it has been emphasized that a theory of knowledge must preserve the intuition that knowledge is more valuable than merely true belief. This is known as the so-called ‘value problem’. So the question can be put in the following way: What is knowledge such that it is more valuable than merely true belief? – An interesting approach has been proposed by Ernest Sosa and John Greco, within the framework of so-called virtue epistemology. According to this proposal, knowledge is of special epistemic value since it involves the exercizing of an epistemic competence (epistemic ‘virtue’). We would like to study the value problem and, in particular, the solution provided by virtue epistemology. Epistemic normativity will take center stage. Hybrid views, like Duncan Pritchard ‘anti-luck virtue epistemology’, combining the virtue idea with other ideas, will be studied. Finally, Williamson’s ‘Knowledge-First’ view will be discussed.

Bibliography:

Pritchard, D., What is this thing called knowledge?, Routledge, 2006.
Greco, J., Achieving Knowledge, Cambridge 8xav�������� Press, 2010.
Sosa, E., A Virtue Epistemology, Vol. I, Oxford 8xav�������� Press, 2009.
Pritchard, D., Anti-luck virtue epistemology, Journal of Philosophy 109:3, 247-49, 2012.
Williamson, T., Knowledge and Its Limits, Oxford 8xav�������� Press, 2000.

��
��Presentation and paper (3000 words)������

• Course title: Nietzsche/Philosophy of Existence/Hermeneutics: Continental Philosophy
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-22
• Module(s): Module 3 : 20th century and contemporary European philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

Students will be able to understand some main issues at stake in Nietzsche’s and Heidegger’s philosophical works, as well as to critically discuss some of their views.

This course explores some central themes in Nietzsche’s and Heidegger’s philosophies viewed from a both historical and contemporary perspective. We begin with a very brief historical introduction which focuses on the so-called ‘identity crisis of philosophy’ and contrasts Nietzsche’s and Heidegger’s views with the Plato renaissance in neo-Kantianism. We then narrow down the scope of the course by zooming on specific topics. The first part of the course consists in an overview of Nietzsche’s thoughts about topics such as music, truth, the self, values, and self-overcoming. The second part addresses Heidegger’s efforts toward a better understanding of factual life, the person, norms, emotions, and language.

Bibliography:
Complete editions:
Nietzsche, F. 1967—. Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1967 (see also the Digital Facsimile Edition by Paolo D’Iorio, available on ).
Heidegger, M. 1975—. Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Recommended reading:
Nietzsche, F., 2005. ‘Ecce Homo: How to Become What you Are.’ In The Antichrist, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings. Cambridge: CUP, p. 69-152.
Emden, C. 2014. Nietzsche’s Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
Heidegger, M. 1993a. Sein und Zeit (1927). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 17th ed. Engl. trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, Being and Time, London, SCM Press, 1962; new engl. trans. Joan Stambaugh, revised by Dennis J. Schmidt, Albany, New York: State 8xav�������� of New York Press, 2010, part 1.
Crowell, S. 2013. Normativity and Phenomenology in Husserl and Heidegger. Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
Material for the classes will be made available on Moodle.

ll students will be required to take an active part in class discussions throughout the semester and to prepare a paper on some relevant topic. A powerpoint version of the paper will be presented in class in one or other of the two closing sessions in December.
Grade will be determined by:
1.���� ��class participation
2.���� ��15-minute class presentation in English
3.���� ��paper (3000 words/10 pages, written in English, French or German, deadline for final version: tbd)
Papers are expected to meet the academic standards in terms of language quality, clarity and logical articulation, full-blown references, etc.

• Course title: Philosophy & Ethics of AI
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-57
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

By the end of the course, students should have sufficient understanding both of core philosophical concepts and also the technical details of AI technology, that they can precisely articulate ethical/philosophical problems and theories but also propose realistic possible solutions that take technological and computational constraints into account. There will be an emphasis on group work and on collaboration between philosophers and computer scientists on a course project.
By the end of this course students should have acquired a basic grounding in philosophy and normative ethics, but also a detailed understanding of recent developments in A.I. technology. The aim will be to provide students with the conceptual tools to be comfortable working in an inter-disciplinary manner. Students will develop critical and communicative skills by engaging with literature and topics from both philosophy and computer science. The emphasis in this course will be on developing the ability to collaborate across disciplines so as to explore and provide possible solutions to philosophical and ethical problems that are generated by Artificial Intelligence.

Advances in computing technology, especially in Artificial Intelligence, raise the very real prospect of imminent, radical changes to everyday human life: e.g. in employment, healthcare, military conflicts, privacy, education, legal processes and institutions, etc. Trying to work out the ethical implications of these changes is surely one of the most pressing questions that humanity currently faces. AI and related technologies also raise profound philosophical questions concerning the nature of the mental, intelligence, rationality and knowledge.
In this course we will try to approach some of these ethical and philosophical questions from an inter-disciplinary perspective. The course will be taught by faculty members from both the Philosophy and Computer Science departments and is open to students studying either the Masters in Contemporary European Philosophy or the Masters in Information and Computer Science.

Short Mid-Term Essay (c. 2000 words): 20%
Short Homework Exercises: 20%
Final Group Project: 60%

• Course title: Internship
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-43
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: FR
• Mandatory: No

• Course title: Deutsch allgemein A2.1 (online)
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: LC_CAT-280
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: DE
• Mandatory: No

��

The objective of the online-classroom work is the continued acquisition of basic oral and written skills through communicative activities in speaking, listening, writing, and reading–individually, in pairs, and in groups.
The objective of the Moodle activities is to consolidate and deepen what has been learned in class. A reading project tailored to the students’ proficiency level will be integrated into these activities. Additionally, students will develop a writing portfolio with two short texts and give a short in-class presentation on a university-related topic during the semester. The course concludes with a test covering the communicative activities listening, reading and writing as well as grammar.

Learning outcomes
By the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand�� �� and�� �� provide�� �� information�� �� about�� �� university life, family, profession, tourism and culture, sports and food, learning experiences, media and communication, travel and climate, as well as mobility and professional life.
• Understand and provide information about past activities.
• Ask for help, make recommendations and suggestions, and convey hope and surprise. Students will also be able to discuss learning experiences and habits, express happiness, enthusiasm, and disappointment, as well as satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and show interest and disinterest. Additionally, students will be able to book rooms, give directions, talk about the weather, and explain things.
• Give a short presentation on a university-related topic.
• Compose basic texts and revise them with the support of the teacher.

This online-course aims to develop language skills to achieve levelA2inGerman(A2.1 in the winter term and A2.2 in the summer term).
Communication skills: Students will learn to understand written and oral texts about everyday life and, to some extent, university life. They will be able to speak about a variety of everyday topics and handle different everyday situations linguistically. Additionally, they will write typical short texts used in daily communication.
Grammar: The course covers the perfect tense (regular and irregular verbs), possessive pronouns, prepositions, adjective declension, common conjunctions, reflexive verbs, temporal conjunctions, local prepositions, the passive voice, phrase construction, dative and accusative objects, verbs with prepositions, the past tense, demonstrative pronouns, relative clauses, and relative pronouns.
Course design: This is a blended learning course in which students develop their language skills both in presence online and on an e-learning platform (Moodle).

Evaluation

Speaking skills will be evaluated through an oral presentation online.
Listening, writing and reading skills will be evaluated through a handwritten exam. Attention: This exam will be organized on-site in the last week of the seminar.

Listening: Key information from listening texts(radio, TV, etc.) must be understood.
Reading: Key information must be found in short reading texts, or questions about these texts must be answered.
Writing: Basic text production is required.

Notes on the use of AI
The unauthorized or inappropriate use of AI, as well as the copying of work created by others and presenting it as one’s own in the preparation of oral or written texts, may result in the initiation of disciplinary proceedings by the 8xav��������. See: /wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2025/03/VRA_Disciplinary-procedure-fraud-plagiarism_directive_v4_EN.pdf��

��

Bibliography

Habersack, Charlotte(2020): Menschen A2. Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Kursbuch. Ismaning: Hueber.
Breitsameter, Anna(2023): Menschen A2. Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Arbeitsbuch. Ismaning: Hueber.
Luger, Urs: Schiller, Schiller. Hueber-Verlag (will be made available online as a PDF and as an audio file)

��
��
��

• Course title: Philosophy of Law: Political Philosophy from Condorcet to Foucault
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-45
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

Students will develop a wide-ranging understanding of the evolution of the French debate on the relationship between scientific rationality and society, from the Enlightenment to the 20th century, while cultivating a critical perspective on the universalistic conception of Western rationality. Through direct engagement with primary texts from both philosophical and sociological traditions, they will enhance their ability to conduct analysis and develop critical readings, adopting a holistic approach to the inquiries. Students will be equipped to contextualize these texts within their appropriate intellectual and historical frameworks while demonstrating independence in articulating their analyses with intellectual rigor both orally and in written form.

The course aims to trace the philosophical foundations of the development of art social and the science of society, engaging with intellectual currents in France that treated both biological and social dimensions as subjects of scientific analysis, thus confronting questions about the nature of knowledge, social progress, and social organization. Through the works of thinkers such as Condorcet, Saint-Simon, Comte, Durkheim, and Foucault, the course examines the evolution of scientific rationality as applied to the structuring of both social and political life, challenging the linear and emancipatory modern narrative of progress.
A bibliography comprising a selection of works will be made available at the first session.

(1) Final Term Paper 70%
(2) Presentation 20%
(3) Class Participation 10%
��

• Course title: �������ç������ académique B1 (Belval)
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: LC_CAT-182
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: FR
• Mandatory: No

��

Objectifs et Résultats d’Apprentissage (learning outcomes)
��
L’objectif de ce cours est d’acquérir les connaissances suffisantes en français pour accéder au cours de niveau universitaire B2. Cette remise à niveau est faite grâce à : des exercices de compréhension orale, de compréhension écrite. À l’oral seront mis en place des jeux de rôles, des présentations et des débats. Nous élaborerons également des cartes mentales qui faciliteront l’acquisition du vocabulaire.
Nous nous attarderons également sur la rédaction de différents genres de texte dont nous détaillerons leur structure.
Toutes ces activités seront ludiques, répondront à des besoins concrets. Les modalités de travail seront variées : travail en grand groupe, en binômes, individuel afin de favoriser la collaboration entre pairs.
Le contenu sera adapté selon les besoins du groupe, ainsi vous pourrez commencer le semestre suivant sur des bases solides.
À l’issue de ce cours vous serez capable de :

• lire des articles sur des questions contemporaines
• comprendre différents points de vue
• comprendre un texte littéraire contemporain
• écrire des textes clairs et détaillés sur des sujets relatifs à vos intérêts
• écrire un essai ou un rapport sur un sujet précis de manière concise, claire, et efficace
• exposer son argumentation
• mettre en valeur son opinion sur un événement ou une expérience

��

Ce cours a pour but de renforcer vos connaissances et vos pratiques en langue �ڰ�����ç��������, notamment à l’oral et à l’écrit afin de répondre aux exigences du cadre universitaire et de votre future carrière.
Dans une perspective actionnelle, nous travaillerons sur des documents authentiques tels que des articles de presse ou des extraits vidéo.
C’est à travers notre corpus que nous aborderons la grammaire et le vocabulaire, outils au service de vos besoins de communication.��
Vous déduirez les règles de grammaire à partir d’exemples concrets du corpus et les mettrez en pratique à travers plusieurs exercices ludiques.
Le travail de production écrite sera décliné sous plusieurs formes :

• donner ses arguments sous la forme d’une liste d’idées
• la rédaction d’une réclamation
• une lettre officielle
• un résumé d’article
• un article argumenté (2 pages maximum) sur un sujet de votre choix.
  

La note finale repose sur deux volets :

Évaluations continues (50 %) :
Une production orale individuelle (exposé, argumentation ou simulation) (40%)
Une production écrite individuelle (rédaction d’un texte parmi ceux travaillés en cours) (60%)
Évaluation finale (50 %) :
Une épreuve finale écrite portant sur les compétences abordées durant le semestre : compréhension (écrite et orale), production (écrite et orale), grammaire, vocabulaire.
Les consignes et critères seront précisés à l’avance (structure du texte, correction linguistique, clarté des idées, etc.).
Un maximum de 2 absences est accepté.

��

Bibliographie
Édito B1, Éditions Didier, 2018
Grammaire essentielle du français, B1, Didier, 2015
Cosmopolite B1, Hachette, 2018

• Course title: �������ç������ académique B2 (Belval)
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: LC_CAT-186
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional Module
• Language: FR
• Mandatory: No

Ce
cours
a
pour
but
de
renforcer
vos
connaissances
et vos
pratiques
en
langue
�ڰ�����ç��������,
afin d’enrichir vos productions écrites et orales, non seulement dans le cadre de vos
é�ٳܻ���
ou
de
votre
��é�پ����
mais
aussi
dans
les
situations
de
communication
avec
��’a�ٰܳ����
personnes.
��
��

Objectifs et résultats d’apprentissage :
À l’issue de ce cours, vous aurez acquis des stratégies afin de :

• Comprendre et commenter un document écrit et un document oral (un article�� ��informatif, un article d’opinion, un podcast…) sur des sujets d’actualité, culturels et sociétaux;
• Maîtriser la structure de textes narratifs pour organiser ses idées, enrichir son vocabulaire et rédiger des textes complexes ;
• Exprimer et défendre vos opinions, réagir aux arguments d’autrui ;
  • Développer une argumentation précise et efficace à l’écrit et à l’oral ;
  • Rédiger des textes académiques (résumés, textes argumentatifs).

��

• Approfondir les compétences en compréhension et production orales et écrites ;
• Développer des stratégies d’expression écrite et orale adaptées au contexte universitaire ;
• Renforcer la capacité d’argumentation et de synthèse à l’oral et à l’écrit ;
• Maîtriser le vocabulaire et les structures syntaxiques complexes dans un cadre académique

��

��

Le contrôle
se fait
en continu
et
avec un test final.
La note finale sera calculée ainsi��:
��
��
Productions écrites réalisées au cours des séances 3, 6 et 8. Les consignes seront en lien avec le contenu des séances mentionnées.
3 X 20% = 60%
Participation à une activité proposée par le Centre de langues et tâche écrite réalisée en cours en lien avec cette activité.
10%
Test final
30%
TOTAL
100%

��

Bibliographie (à titre informatif ) :


Grammaire essentielle du français , niveau B2, Didier FLE
Rédiger un texte académique en français, 2e édition, Sylvie Garnier, Alan D. Savage, ed. Ophrys

• Course title: Philosophy of Enlightenment
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-55
• Module(s): Module 1 : Early modern European Philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

The 18th century Enlightenment has suffered from being interpreted too much after the fact, by both supporters and critics. This course will attempt to provide a more accurate interpretation by placing it in its own times. In particular, it will emphasise how the scientific revolution of the 17th century effected a break with the past, and, by installing new conceptions of knowledge and its foundations, undermined traditional authority in religion and politics as well as philosophy. Topics will include: the role accorded to Descartes’ Discourse as an ideological weapon against tradition; the central role played, even amongst the French, by the empiricism of Bacon, Locke and Newton; the ideal of “Reason” as the ideal of individual autonomy (not of rationalist philosophy), and its concomitant elevation of (a secularized version of) the idea of individual rights; Newtonian science and the rise of Deism and the argument from design; the consequent revival of Stoic and Epicurean ethical views; and the important role of Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise in the radical thought of the French Revolution. Particular attention will be paid to Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, which captures key Enlightenment themes in its argument that a version of empiricism implies that the human being is an inertial machine, and as such incapable of plumbing nature’s depths, and therefore also incapable of knowing any putative religious truths.

final paper (3000 words / 10 pages)

Bibliographie:

Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations
Grotius, On the Laws of War and Peace
Descartes, Discourse on Method
Hobbes, Leviathan
Spinoza, Ethics
Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise
Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding
Locke, Two Treatises of Government
Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times
Voltaire, Letters on the English Nation
Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot
La Mettrie, Machine Man
Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals
D’Holbach, The System of Nature
Kant, An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?
��
A. Bailey D. O’Brien, Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (Continuum, 2006)
S. Buckle, Hume’s Enlightenment Tract (Oxford, 2001)
E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Princeton, 1979)
S. Fleischacker, What is Enlightenment? (Routledge, 2013)
M. Frazer, The Enlightenment of Sympathy (Oxford, 2010)
P. Gay, The Enlightenment (Norton, 1966, 1969; 2 Vols)
S. Gaukroger, The Natural and the Human (Oxford, 2016)
G. Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity (Vintage, 2008)
J. Israel, A Revolution of the Mind (Princeton, 2010)
M. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment, 2nd. Ed. (Cornerstone, 2006)
T. Kavanagh, Enlightened Pleasures (Yale, 2010)
I. Kramnick (ed.), The Portable Enlightenment Reader (Penguin, 1995)
D. Rasmussen, The Pragmatic Enlightenment (Cambridge, 2014)
J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 2005)
E. Rothschild, Economic Sentiments (Harvard, 2001)
P. Schouls, Descartes and the Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1989)
J. Schmidt, What is Enlightenment? (California, 1996)
R. Susato, Hume’s Sceptical Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 2015)
C. Taylor S. Buckle (ed.), Hume and the Enlightenment (Pickering Chatto, 2011)
B. Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights (Eerdmans, 1997)
C. Wilson, Epicureanism at the Origins of Modernity (Oxford, 2008)

• Course title: German Idealism II
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-32
• Module(s): Module 2 : Kant and German Idealism
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

Thema: Schelling’s Philosophy of History Revival!
Many different contemporary philosophers propose to reinterpret Schelling, either from the perspective of the modal theories of enunciation (such as M. Gabriel does) or by reconstructing a psychoanalytic theory of subjectivity (Zizek), or through the recourse to a deconstruction of the soteriological representation of Christian history (Agamben). What these reinterpretations have in common is to base their work on a neglected part of Schelling’s philosophy of history, the last one, called “Positive philosophy” or “Philosophy of Revelation”. What are the main sketches of this Schellingian rebirth? How must we interpret it into our contemporary context and identify its possible limits? These are the main questions that will lead our course.
Bibliography :

Agamben G., Le règne et la gloire, Homo sacer II, 2, trad. J. Gayraud et M. Rueff, Seuil, 2008.
M. Gabriel & S. Žižek, Mythology, Madness and Laughter, Subjectivity in German Idealism, Continuum, London/New York, 2009.
S. Žižek (and F.W.J. von Schelling), The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World, trans. by Judith Norman, The 8xav�������� of Michigan Press, 1997.
S. Žižek, The Indivisible Remainder, An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters,Verso, London/New York, 1996 [accessible sur http://books.google.fr ]; traduction française: Essai sur Schelling, Le reste qui n’éclôt jamais, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1996. [accessible sur http://books.google.fr ]
J.-F. Courtine (ed.), Schelling, Coll. « Cahiers d’histoire de la philosophie », Cerf, Paris, 2010.

Ca. 10-page paper based on the readings proposed in the course bibliography.
The paper may be written in French, English, Spanish or German. The paper should be emailed to the following address:
marc.maesschalck@uclouvain.be

Bibliography:

��

M. C. Altman C. D. Coe, The Fractured Self in Freud and German Philosophy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2013.
M. Gabriel S. Žižek, Mythology, Madness and Laughter, Subjectivity in German Idealism, Continuum, London/New York, 2009.
M. Maesschalck, « Eshétique et psycho-analyse. La réponse du jeune Fichte à Schiller concernant l’éducation », in Revue roumaine
de philosophie
, 56 (2012), n. 1, pp. 5-22.
M. Maesschalck, « L’engendrement du commencement selon Schelling : signification et enjeux d’une protologie de la conscience », in M. Vetö (dir.), Philosophie, théologie, littérature. Hommage à Xavier Tilliette, Peeters, Louvain/Paris, 2011, pp. 293-318.
K. Regenspurger et T. van Zantwijk (dir.), Wissenschaftliche Anthropologie um 1800?,
Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2005.
R. J. Richards, « Kant and Blumenbach on the Bildungstrieb: A Historical Misunderstanding », in Stud.
Hist. Phil. Biol. Biomed. Sci
., Vol. 31, 2000, n. 1, pp. 11–32.
H.G. SandKühler (ed.), Handbuch Deutscher Idealismus, Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar, 2005 (trad. Fr. Kervegan, Cerf, 2015: Manuel de l’idéalisme allemand)
8.��������
O’Meara Thomas F., “F. W. Schelling”, in The review of metaphysics a philosophical quarterly, vol. XXXI, n°2, 1977, pp. 283-309.
Markus G.,
Transcendental Ontology. Essays in German Idealism
. New York/London: Continuum 2011 [Paperback: New York: Bloomsbury 2013]
S. Žižek (and F.W.J. von Schelling), The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World, trans. by Judith Norman, The 8xav�������� of Michigan Press, 1997.

• Course title: Transcendental philosophy
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-54
• Module(s): Module 2 : Kant and German Idealism
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

Students read with comprehension, and critically discuss passages from Kant’s work that are relevant for the question of non-conceptual content. They acquire a thorough understanding of the problem of non-conceptual content as such and are able to take position with respect to the question of whether or not Kant is a non-conceptualist. Students learn in what way Kantian arguments can contribute to the contemporary debate on non-conceptual content.

Non-conceptualism is the view that mental representations of the world do not necessarily presuppose concepts by means of which the content of these representations can be specified, i.e., cognizers can have mental representations of the world that are non-conceptual. We will discuss Kant’s transcendental idealism with respect to this view. We mainly focus on the first Critique but also discuss passages from other Kantian writings such as ‘Concerning the Ultimate Foundation’, ‘On the Form and Principles’, ‘Anthropology’ etc. We will identify arguments and strategies in Kant that help to settle the dispute between conceptualists and non-conceptualist.�� The course thus focuses on two questions: (a) What is non-conceptual content? (b) Is Kant a non-conceptualist?��

Paper (3000 words) or 30 min. oral exam

��Bibliographie:
Allais, L. (2009) ‘Kant, Non-Conceptual Content and the Representation of Space’ Journal of the History of Philosophy47: pp. 383–413.
Bermúdez, J. and A. Cahen, (2011) ‘Nonconceptual Mental Content’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.) available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/content-nonconceptual/.
Hanna, R. (2005) ‘Kant and Nonconceptual Content’, European Journal of Philosophy 13: pp. 247–90.
Heidemann, Dietmar H. (ed.) (2012)
Kant and Non-Conceptual Content, Abingdon, New York 2013.
Kant, I.
(1992): Immanuel Kant: Lectures on Logic, ed. and transl. J. M. Young, Cambridge:
Cambridge 8xav�������� Press
.
––– (1998) Critique of Pure Reason, P. Guyer and A. W. Wood (ed. and trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
––– (2003a) ‘Concerning the Ultimate Foundation of the Distinction of the Directions in Space’, in D. Walford (ed.) Immanuel Kant: Theoretical Philosophy, 1755–1770, Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
––– (2003b) ‘On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible world’, in D. Walford (ed.) Immanuel Kant: Theoretical Philosophy, 1755–1770, Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
––– (2007)
Immanuel Kant
:
Anthropology, History, and Education, ed. G. Zöller and R. B. Louden, Cambridge: Cambridge 8xav�������� Press.
McDowell, J. (1996) Mind and World, Cambridge, London: Harvard 8xav�������� Press.
Peacocke, C. (2001) ‘Does Perception Have a Nonconceptual Content?’, Journal of Philosophy 98: pp. 239-64.
Stephenson, A. (2011) ‘Kant on Non-Veridical Experience’, Kant Yearbook 3��: pp.1-22.
��

• Course title: Phenomenology: Phénoménologie de la conscience et de l'esprit
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-3
• Module(s): Module 3 : 20th century and Contemporary European Philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

Students will acquire a thorough understanding of the phenomenological approach to the mind and will be able to take a critical stance on a number of disputed questions in the present-day analytic philosophy of mind.

Phenomenological analysis recently attracted increasing interest among analytic philosophers of mind. One crucial motivation for appealing to phenomenological analysis comes from the fact that any study of the human mind has to account somehow for the way things appears to us or are experienced from a first-person perspective. Phenomenological analysis precisely aims at describing first-person experiences, providing us with fine-grained distinctions between our mental states, exploring the theoretical (philosophical) consequences of such distinctions, and constructing critical arguments about competing views of the mind. ��Within the framework of this course, we will discuss some selected issues at the crossroads of phenomenology and philosophy of mind. The main figure of the course will be the Austro-German philosopher Franz Brentano (1838-1917), who is usually regarded as the grandfather of the phenomenological movement. As we will see, Brentano’s descriptive psychology is full of innnovative insights into a number of issues at stake in the current research context: the criteria for the mental, the nature of consciousness, the structure of experience, the variety of attitude types, the taxonomy of the senses, the nature of cognitive experiences, etc.

��

Students will be asked to write an original paper (about 3000 words / 10 pages) addressing one of the topics discussed during the classes.

Recommended readings:
��
1) Brentano F., Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte:
��
–��������������
Original edition: Leipzig, Duncker Humblot, 1874. Reprinted in Brentano F., Sämtliche veröffentlichte Schriften, vol. I., Th. Binder and A. Chrudzimski (eds.), Frankfurt/Main, Ontos Verlag, 2008.
–��������������
Trad. fr. M. de Gandillac, revue par J.-F. Courtine, Psychologie du point de vue empirique, Paris, Vrin, 2008.
–��������������
Engl. edition by L.��L. McAlister, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, trans. by A. Rancurello, D.��B. Terrell and L.��L. McAlister, London, Routledge Kegan Paul, 1973, 1995; with a foreword by Tim Crane, Routledge, 2015.
��
2) Brentano F., Deskriptive Psychologie:
��
–��������������
Original edition: R. M. Chisholm et W. Baumgartner (eds.), Hamburg, Meiner, 1982; new, critical ed. In preparation by G. Fréchette.
–��������������
Trad. fr. A. Dewalque, Psychologie descriptive,Paris, Gallimard, 2017.
–��������������
Engl. trans. by B. Müller, Descriptive Psychology, London, Routledge, 1995, 2002.
��
Additional support and references will be made available on Moodle.

��

• Course title: Master Colloquium 1
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-52
• Module(s): Module 4: Master module
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

The aim of this colloquium is to prepare students for their master thesis. Students learn how to develop, present and defend research projects, how to evaluate and criticize other student’s work, and how to react on criticism. The objective is to accompany student’s research work throughout the master program and to ensure student’s success.

In the Master Colloquium students present their own research projects, or propose recent research work by others (relevant articles, book chapters, books etc.) for discussion.��

Paper presentation

Bibliography:


tba.

• Course title: Introduction to topics in Formal Philosophy
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-58
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional module
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: No

By the end of the course, students should have a basic competence with the formal machinery of probability theory and decision theory. Students will have a grasp of the main different philosophical interpretations of probability and of instrumental rationality. Students will also become familiar with some of the main outstanding philosophical problems in this area – e.g. Hempel’s paradox of the ravens, Newcomb’s problem, Kyburg’s lottery paradox, etc.

This course will aim to provide a very gentle introduction to some formal tools that are vitally important for philosophy – specifically, the use of probability and decision theory. In the first half of the course we will look at the basics of probability and utility. This will not require any complicated or advanced mathematics – rather the emphasis will be on grasping the basic concepts and issues of philosophical interpretation. Then in the second half of the course we will consider the use and application of these formal tools for various philosophical debates, primarily questions concerning rationality: how should we rationally update our beliefs? How should we rationally evaluate and choose plans for actions?

This course will be assessed via term paper and homework assignments. See syllabus for details.

Bibliography:

We will read a variety of recent papers in philosophy throughout the course As background reading, the following textbooks are recommended as useful:
Ian Hacking: An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic (Cambridge 8xav�������� Press)
David Papineau: Philosophical Devices (Oxford 8xav�������� Press)
Martin Peterson: An Introduction to Decision Theory (Cambridge 8xav�������� Press)

• Course title: Deutsch A1.2 allgemein – Belval
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: LC_CAT-269
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional module
• Language: DE
• Mandatory: No

Communication skills: The students will learn to understand simple written texts and engage in oral communication on topics such as buying goods and food, making appointments, hobbies and leisure activities, furniture and living arrangements, tourist attractions, and urban living.
Grammar: The students will learn regular and irregular verbs in the present and perfect tense, articles and nouns with gender and cases, modal verbs, interrogative and imperative forms, sentence structure, pronouns, prepositions, connectors, participles etc.��
Course design: The objective is the continued acquisition of basic oral and written skills. Students will engage in speaking, listening, writing, and reading communicative activities through individual, pair, and group work. Additionally, students will be provided with links to interactive exercises, quizzes, and games as well as to tutorials and other informative tools. The course concludes with a language examination covering all four communicative activities.

By the end of this course, students should be able to:
��
Understand and provide information about themselves and general personal matters
Understand and give information about their leisure activities and making appointments
Understand and provide information about rooms, apartments, and furniture
Understand and provide information about clothes, fashion, and shopping
Understand and give information about attractions and towns in the German-speaking countries
Perform everyday linguistic actions��Understand and write simple texts like emails or SMS messages.

The objective is the continued acquisition of basic oral and written skills. Students will engage in speaking, listening, writing, and reading communicative activities through individual, pair, and group work. Additionally, students will be provided with links to interactive exercises, quizzes, and games as well as to tutorials and other informative tools. The course concludes with a language examination covering all four communicative activities.

Speaking, listening, writing and reading skills will be evaluated through task-based activities. Listening: Key information from listening texts (radio, TV, etc.) must be understood. Reading: Key information must be found in short reading texts, or questions about these texts must be answered���� Writing: Simple texts are to be summarized, and basic text production is required. Students will be evaluated on their active participation in the course, their regular homework (which may include grammar or vocabulary exercises), and their final test (both written and spoken).

Attendance is mandatory

• Course title: �������ç������ général A2.2 – General French A2.2 (Belval)
• Number of ECTS: 3
• Course code: LC_CAT-295
• Module(s): Module 5 : Optional module
• Language: FR
• Mandatory: No

À l’issue du cours, l’étudiant sera capable de :
Comprendre l’essentiel de documents courts et simples
Interagir de manière spontanée dans des situations de la vie quotidienne
Raconter des événements passés et présenter des projets futurs
Exprimer et justifier brièvement une opinion ou un choix
Rédiger des textes simples et structurés (courriels formels, descriptions)

Objectifs et résultats d’apprentissage
À l’issue du cours, l’étudiant sera capable de :
Comprendre l’essentiel de documents courts et simples
Interagir de manière spontanée dans des situations de la vie quotidienne
Raconter des événements passés et présenter des projets futurs
Exprimer et justifier brièvement une opinion ou un choix
Rédiger des textes simples et structurés (courriels formels, descriptions)

Ce cours de français général de niveau A2.2 vise à renforcer les compétences linguistiques des étudiants, avec une attention particulière portée à la production écrite. Il a pour objectif d’aider les étudiants à améliorer la qualité et la clarté de leurs écrits dans des contextes académiques, professionnels et de la vie quotidienne.Le programme est organisé en deux parties complémentaires : une phase de consolidation des acquis et une phase d’approfondissement des structures linguistiques.

L’évaluation se compose de :
Contrôle continu (50 %)
oDeux devoirs en classe (semaines 4 et 7)
Examen final (50 %)
oUn devoir écrit lors de la dernière séance
Les évaluations portent sur la grammaire, le vocabulaire et une production écrite courte (récit, message formel ou description).

����������ܾ���é

La présence aux cours est obligatoire pour la validation des crédits ECTS.
Au-delà de deux absences non justifiées, l’étudiant ne pourra pas valider le cours.

Bibliographie
Objectif Express 1 A1/A2, Hachette
100 % FLE – Grammaire essentielle du français A2, Didier

• Course title: Contemporary European Philosophy II
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-37
• Module(s): Module 3 : 20th century and Contemporary European Philosophy
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

The students will acquire a sensibility for normative phenomena. They will learn how to formulate and conceptualize various questions and theses concerning the normative. Furthermore, they will become familiar with various philosophical views and arguments about normativity. Discussion and argumentation will be practiced in class, and the students will improve their discursive and conceptual skills in the normative domain.

Many phenomena are normative: justification and knowledge, (some) norms and rules, (some) reasons and oughts, moral responsibility etc. They are not, or not merely, descriptive. Two questions are at the heart of philosophical investigations into normativity. (1.) How can the whole range of normative phenomena be organized in a systematic way? Which normative concepts are the basic ones such that the other normative concepts can be characterized in terms of these few basic normative concepts? (Can it be done in terms of oughts, or in terms of normative reason, or …?) (2.) What is the nature of the normative as such? Can it be explained in terms of something descriptive, or is it irreducible? – This second question seems to lead into a dilemma: Either the normative is reducible to, or explicable in terms of, some descriptive facts/phenomena. Then it does not seem to be truly normative after all. Or it is not reducible, and then it seems to be somewhat mysterious how there could be any such thing as a normative phenomenon. – In this seminar, we will study important contemporary contributions to both of these questions.

Bibliography:

A list of references will be provided at the beginning of the course.

Presentation and paper (10 – 15 pages)

• Course title: Master Colloquium (b)
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-56
• Module(s): Module 4: Master Module
• Language: EN
• Mandatory: Yes

The focus of the Master Colloquium is on presentation and critical discussion. The students will receive valuable feedback that helps to improve their know-how and abilities to design and write a longer paper or thesis on a relevant topic. The major aim is to prepare the students for their master thesis. The students will be assisted in their efforts to choose suitable topics and then to work on them. Some major publications that are highly relevant to current debates will be discussed in order to get to know the current state of the art.

In the Master Colloquium, students give presentations on their own work, or discuss recent publications by others (relevant papers, books/book chapters, etc.). The topic for these recent publications will be contemporary accounts of freedom and responsibility (mostly in the practical/moral case, but also in the epistemic case). The role of reactive attitudes (P. Strawson), control (Fisher, Ravizza), and reasons (S. Wolf) will be studied in order to see how freedom and responsibility could arise.

Presentation and discussion of research projects.
��

• Course title: Master Colloquium 3
• Number of ECTS: 5
• Course code: MAPR-34
• Module(s): Module 4: Master module
• Language: FR
• Mandatory: No

• Course title: Master Thesis
• Number of ECTS: 30
• Course code: MAPR-25
• Module(s): Module 6 : Master thesis
• Language:
• Mandatory: No