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Fraud is a form of academic misconduct that falsifies or distorts the results of an examination or other summative assessment. Attempted fraud is treated as seriously as accomplished fraud. Fraud can apply to any form of assessment, including in-person written or oral exams, online exams and take-home assignments. Depending on the type of assessment, fraud may take different forms.

In particular, fraud includes the following breaches of academic integrity:

• The use or consultation of unauthorised material (e.g. a smartphone or cheat sheet);
• Unauthorised communication with other examinees, including the passing of notes;
• Seeking help from a third party during an exam;
• The use of unauthorised applications or websites during an online (remote) exam;
• Copying any part of an exam paper;
• Using a ghost writer or content generated or modified by a chatbot/artificial intelligence;
• Identity fraud, such as forging a signature, misrepresentation, impersonation, identity theft.

Students should always make sure that they have understood all applicable exam rules and ask their course instructor or exam invigilator if they have any doubts.

Plagiarism means using the work or part of the work of another author without properly acknowledging the source, in other words, passing another person’s work off as one’s own.

Instances of plagiarism include:

• Not putting quotation marks around a quote from another person’s work;
• Pretending to paraphrase while in fact quoting (copying verbatim) or otherwise failing to paraphrase appropriately;
• Failing to cite the source of a quoted or paraphrased work;
• Citing incorrectly or incompletely;
• Using another person’s unpublished work without attribution or permission or taking another person’s work and submitting it under one’s own name;
• Having another person write a piece of work for oneself and submitting it in one’s own name (“ghost-writing”);
• Presenting as one’s own a piece of work that contains a high proportion of quoted/copied or paraphrased text (images, graphs, etc.), even if adequately cited and referenced.

Reusing (portions of) a text that one has previously submitted for assessment or published, can be considered as self-plagiarism. Depending on the amount of material reused and the applicable rules for a given course and study programme, self-plagiarism may be considered as a breach of academic integrity and may result in disciplinary action.

For more information about academic integrity in the context of written assignments and guidance on how to avoid plagiarism, please consult the 8xav��������’s plagiarism guide.

If a student is accused of fraud or plagiarism, an invigilator or member of academic staff will draw up a report that sets out the details of the alleged incident. The student will be given the opportunity to include his or her version of events in the report. The student will also be invited to sign the report, and may agree or refuse to do so.

If the incident occurred during a written or oral exam, the student will usually be given the choice as to whether or not to continue the exam.

If the incident concerns a submitted assessment, the student’s right to a fair and equitable evaluation is not affected by the allegation of fraud or plagiarism. Students also maintain their right to access their transcript of records and grades for courses not affected by the alleged incident.

All reported cases of fraud, attempted fraud and plagiarism are investigated. The stages in the disciplinary procedure are as follows:

1. Report – A report is completed by the invigilator or course marker who observed the suspected misconduct. The student is asked to sign the report and may include their version of events. If the student refuses to sign, this is noted. The report is countersigned by the Study Programme Director and forwarded to the Dean’s Office and the relevant course coordinators.
2. Hearing – A formal hearing is held to examine the case. For a first occurrence of misconduct, the hearing is led by the Chair of the Board of Examiners. In cases of repeated misconduct, the hearing is conducted by the Vice-Rector for Academic and Student Affairs (VRAE). The hearing takes place within six (6) weeks of the report. The student is notified at least five (5) working days in advance and may be accompanied by a person of their choice (whose details must be submitted at least three working days before the hearing). All participants are expected to maintain confidentiality.
3. Outcome – Within ten (10) working days of the hearing, the disciplinary authority issues a written decision, which is sent to the student via registered letter and university email. The outcome of the investigation may be one of the following:
   1. Case dismissed: The student is cleared and the assessment remains valid.
   2. Light penalty: The assessment is annulled (the student receives a grade of 0) and a comment is added to the student’s administrative file.
   3. Severe penalty: As well as the assessment being annulled, a penalty is applied in line with 8xav�������� regulations (see “Sanctions” below), and a comment is added to the student’s administrative file.

In proven cases of fraud, attempted fraud or plagiarism, the following penalties may be imposed in accordance with Article 43 of the Act of 27 June 2018:

• The cancellation of all grades obtained in examinations for the module or the entire examination session of the respective semester;
• A ban of up to five years on taking any examinations leading to the award of a degree, diploma or certificate by the 8xav��������;
• The retroactive withdrawal of the degree, diploma or certificate awarded by the 8xav��������.

A comment will be added to the student’s administrative file in all confirmed cases. In addition, in the case of plagiarism, the student will be required to complete mandatory plagiarism awareness training after a first offence.

Disciplinary procedures may be initiated up to six (6) months after the student has left the 8xav��������, except in cases where retroactive withdrawal of a degree is applicable.

Students may contest the outcome of a disciplinary procedure by submitting an appeal to the 8xav��������’s Litigation Committee within seven (7) days of notification of the decision. The appeal must be submitted by email to commission.litiges@uni.lu and must contain at least the following information:

• Personal and contact details of the appellant: full name, student ID number, student email address.
• Information concerning the decision being appealed: date, form of notification, name of the person who took the decision, study programme, the fact that the decision was taken as part of a disciplinary procedure, content of the decision and sanction imposed, if applicable.
• Details of the grounds on which the decision is being contested.
• Suitable evidence.

More information on appeals to the Litigation Committee